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The Yaghnobi language〔Also rendered ''Yaghnabi, Yagnobi'' or ''Yagnabi''; - yaɣnobī́ zivók (in Tajik variant of Cyrillic script яғнобӣ зивок , Russian ягнобский язык ''jagnobskij jazyk'', Tajik забони яғнобӣ ''zabon-i yaɣnobî'', Persian زبان یغنابى ''zæbɑ̄n-e yæɣnɑ̄bī'', Ossetic ягънобаг æвзаг ''jaɣnobag ævzag'', German Jaghnobisch, Czech jaghnóbština, Slovak jagnóbčina, Ukrainian ягнобська мова ''jahnobs’ka mova'', Polish jagnobski język, Croatian jagnopski jezik, Greek γιαγκνομπί, γιαγνομπί, Turkish yagnabca, yagnobca, yagnob dili; linguistic abbreviation: YAGH〕 is a living Eastern Iranian language (the other living members being Pashto, Ossetic and the Pamir languages). Yaghnobi is spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people. It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian and has often been called Neo-Sogdian in academic literature.〔(Bielmeier. R. Yaghnobi in Encyclopedia Iranica )〕 There are some 12,500 Yaghnobi speakers. They are divided into several communities. The principal group lives in the Zafarobod area. There are also re-settlers in the Yaghnob valley. Some communities live in the villages of Zumand and Kůkteppa and in Dushanbe or in its vicinity. Most Yaghnobi speakers are bilingual in the West Iranian Tajik. Yaghnobi is mostly used for daily family communication, while Tajik is used by Yaghnobi speakers for business and formal transactions. A single Russian ethnographer was told by nearby Tajiks—long hostile to the Yaghnobis, who were late to adopt Islam—that the Yaghnobis used their language as a "secret" mode of communication to confuse the Tajiks; this account led to the belief by some (especially those reliant solely on Russian sources) that Yaghnobi or some derivative of it was used as a code for nefarious purposes.〔See С. И. Климчицкий: Секретный язык у ягнобцев и язгулёмцев. In: Академия наук СССР – Труды Таджикистанской базы, т. IX – 1938 – История – язык – литература. Akademijaji Fanho SSSR: Asarhoji ʙazaji Toçikiston, çildi IX – Tarix – zaʙon – adaʙijot. Москва – Ленинград (: Издательство Академии наук СССР), 1940. 104-117.〕 There are two main dialects, a western and an eastern one. These dialects differ primarily in phonetics. For example, historical '' *θ'' corresponds to ''t'' in the western dialects and ''s'' in the eastern, e.g. ''met'' - ''mes'' 'day' from Sogdian ''mēθ'' . Western ''ay'' corresponds to eastern ''e'', e.g. ''wayš'' - ''weš'' 'grass' from Sogdian ''wayš'' or ''wēš'' . The early Sogdian group ''θr'' (later ''ṣ̌'') is reflected as ''sar'' in the east but ''tir'' in the west, e.g. ''saráy'' - ''tiráy'' 'three' from Sogdian ''θrē''/''θray'' or ''ṣ̌ē''/''ṣ̌ay'' . ''t/s'' and ''ay/e'' are not the only features recognised as relevant to distinguish those two dialects, there are also some differences in verbal endings and in the lexicon. In between these two main dialects there is a transitional dialect. It shares some features of the western language and some features of the eastern one. ==Writing== Yaghnobi was a scriptless language until the 1990s,〔The Cyrillic Tajik alphabet-based writing were invented by Sayfiddīn Mīrzozoda in the 1990s. (Ягнобцы - Форум «Центральноазиатского исторического сервера» )〕 but according to Andreyev some of the Yaghnobi mullahs used the Arabic script for writing the Yaghnobi language before 1928, mainly when they needed to hide some information from the Tajiks.〔М. С. Андреев, Материалы по этнографии Ягноба, Душанбе (Дониш) 1970, pp. 38-39〕 Nowadays the language is transcribed by scholars using a modified Latin script, with the following symbols: a (á), ā (ā́), b, č, d, e (é), f, g, ɣ, h, ḥ, i (í), ī (ī́), ǰ, k, q, l, m (m̃), n (ñ), o (ó), p, r, s, š, t, u (ú), ū (ū́), ʏ (ʏ́), v, w (u̯), x, x°, y, z, ž, ع In recent times Sayfiddīn Mīrzozoda from the Tajik Academy of Sciences uses a modified Tajik alphabet for writing Yaghnobi. This alphabet is quite unsuitable for Yaghnobi—it does not distinguish short and long vowels, the difference v/w or does not mark stress etc. Yaghnobi alphabet follows with Latin equivalents given in parenthesis: А а (a) Б б (b) В в (v) (unicode:Ԝ ԝ) (w) Г г (g) Ғ ғ (ɣ) Д д (d) Е е (e/ye) Ё ё (yo) Ж ж (ž) З з (z) И и (i, ī) Ӣ ӣ (ī) й (y) К к (k) Қ қ (q) Л л (l) М м (m) Н н (n) О о (o) П п (p) Р р (r) С с (s) Т т (t) У у (u, ū, ʏ) Ӯ ӯ (ū, ʏ) Ф ф (f) Х х (x) ''Хԝ хԝ'' (x°) Ҳ ҳ (h, ḥ) Ч ч (č) Ҷ ҷ (ǰ) Ш ш (š) Ъ ъ (ع) Э э (e) Ю ю (yu, yū, yʏ) Я я (ya) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yaghnobi language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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